Which scenario indicates the presence of noise in a dataset?

The presence of noise in a dataset typically refers to random errors or variations that obscure the true signal or underlying patterns within the data. The scenario that indicates noise most effectively involves values that exhibit significant deviations from the established norm.

When certain values strongly deviate from the dataset's normal distribution, including outliers or extreme values, they introduce variability that can distort the overall analysis and model predictions. Such noise can significantly hinder the model’s ability to learn and generalize from the data, leading to less accurate or misleading results.

In contrast, the other scenarios describe different issues with data quality or completeness. Incorrect values due to faulty measurements indicate errors but may not fall under the typical definition of noise if they enhance understanding of the data characteristics. Missing values represent gaps in the dataset rather than noise, while values that fail to contribute to pattern recognition abilities may indicate irrelevant features rather than noise directly. Thus, strong deviations from the normal distribution effectively capture the concept of noise within a dataset.